I. Intangiriro
1.1 Amavu n'amavuko yiterambere ryamatara yo kumuhanda
Amatara yizuba ni amatara yo kumuhanda akoresha ingufu zizuba nkisoko yingufu, aribwo buryo bwiza kandi bushobora gukoreshwa.Mu myaka mike ishize ishize, hamwe n’ubukangurambaga bugenda bwiyongera ku kurengera ibidukikije ndetse n’ingufu zikenerwa n’ingufu, amatara yo ku mirasire y’izuba yagiye ahagaragara buhoro buhoro kandi yitabwaho cyane no kuyashyira mu bikorwa.Amavu n'amavuko yiterambere ryamatara yo mumuhanda arashobora guhera mumwaka wa 1970, mugihe tekinoroji yingufu zizuba zimaze gukura buhoro buhoro zitangira gukoreshwa mubucuruzi.Kubera ko ingufu z'izuba zifite ibyiza byo kuvugururwa, gusukurwa no kudahumanya, kandi ibibazo byo kugabanuka kw'ingufu no kwangiza ibidukikije bigenda birushaho gukomera, itara ryo ku mihanda y'izuba ryabaye uburyo bushya bwo guhitamo gukemura ibibazo.
Mu bihe biri imbere, amatara yo ku mirasire y'izuba azakomeza guhanga udushya no kunoza, kongera imikorere no kwizerwa, ku buryo bishobora kugira uruhare runini mu bijyanye n'amatara yo ku mihanda no gutanga serivisi nziza zo gucana abantu.
II.Ibigize urumuri rw'izuba
2.1 Imirasire y'izuba
2.1.1 Imiterere nihame ryizuba ryizuba
Imirasire y'izuba ikoresha tekinoroji y'izuba kugirango ihindure ingufu z'izuba ingufu z'amashanyarazi.Imiterere yacyo nyamukuru igizwe nuruhererekane rw'imirasire y'izuba ihuza ibice byinshi bito bya silicon wafer cyangwa ibindi bikoresho bya semiconductor.Iyo urumuri rw'izuba rukubise imirasire y'izuba, fotone ishimisha electron mubikoresho, ikora amashanyarazi.
2.1.2 Guhitamo Ibikoresho nibisabwa Ubwiza bwizuba
Guhitamo ibikoresho kumirasire yizuba bigena imikorere nubuzima bwabo.Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu mirasire y'izuba bikunze gukoreshwa birimo silikoni ya monocrystalline, silicon polycrystalline na silicon amorphous.Muburyo bwo gutoranya ibintu, ugomba gusuzuma uburyo izuba rikoresha ingufu zizuba, guhangana nikirere, kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi nibindi bintu.Byongeye kandi, imirasire y'izuba nayo igomba kugira ireme ryiza, nko gufatana hamwe, guhuza no kurinda kugirango imirimo irambye.
2.2 LED Itanga isoko
2.2.1 Ihame ryakazi rya LED Itanga isoko
LED.Iyo umuyaga unyuze mu gice cya semiconductor imbere muri LED, electron zihuza hamwe nu mwobo kugirango zirekure ingufu kandi zitange urumuri rugaragara.
2.2.2 Ibiranga nibyiza bya LED yumucyo
LED itanga isoko ifite ibyiza byo gukora neza, gukoresha ingufu nke, kuramba no kurengera ibidukikije.Ugereranije n'amatara gakondo yaka kandi ya fluorescent, isoko yumucyo LED ikora neza kandi ifite ubuzima burebure.Byongeye kandi, urumuri rwa LED rushobora kugera ku buryo bworoshye bwo guhindura ibara, urumuri n’urumuri, bityo rukaba rukoreshwa cyane mumatara yizuba.
2.3 Sisitemu yo Kubika Ingufu za Batiri
2.3.1 Ubwoko bwa Sisitemu yo Kubika Ingufu
Sisitemu yo kubika bateri yumucyo wumuhanda wizuba ikoresha bateri zishobora kwishyurwa, nka bateri ya lithium-ion, bateri ya aside-aside nibindi.Ubwoko butandukanye bwa sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za batiri zifite ubushobozi bwo kubika ingufu nubuzima.
2.3.2 Ihame ryakazi rya sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za batiri
Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za bateri ikora mukubika amashanyarazi yakusanyirijwe hamwe nizuba kugirango itange amashanyarazi nijoro cyangwa kumunsi wibicu.Iyo imirasire y'izuba itanga amashanyarazi arenze urumuri rwo mumuhanda ikenera, ingufu zirenze zibikwa muri bateri.Iyo itara ryo kumuhanda rikeneye amashanyarazi, bateri izarekura ingufu zabitswe kugirango itange urumuri rwa LED rwo kumurika.Uburyo bwo kwishyiriraho bateri no gusohora birashobora kumenya guhindura no kubika ingufu kugirango imirimo ikomeze yumucyo wizuba.
Ibicuruzwa bisabwa
III.Ihame ryakazi ryamatara yumuhanda
3.1
Ukurikije ubukana bw'urumuri rugaragara, imikorere ya sensor yumucyo nugusuzuma niba itara rikenewe kandi rihita rigenzura imiterere yumucyo wumuhanda wizuba.Rukuruzi yumucyo muri rusange ikoresha résistensifiste cyangwa diode yifotora nkibintu byorohereza urumuri, mugihe ubukana bwurumuri bwiyongereye, voltage ya résistor cyangwa diode izahinduka, kandi iyi mpinduka izahinduka ikimenyetso cyo kugenzura binyuze mumuzunguruko.
3.2 Sisitemu yo kugenzura byikora
Sisitemu yo kugenzura byikora nigice cyibanze cyumucyo wumuhanda wizuba, kandi umurimo wacyo nuguhita ugenzura imikorere yumucyo wumuhanda wizuba ukurikije ikimenyetso cyumucyo.Sisitemu yo kugenzura yikora itahura neza ubwenge bwurumuri rwumuhanda mugucunga umusaruro wizuba ryumucyo, urumuri rwumucyo wa LED hamwe nuburyo bwo kwishyuza no gusohora sisitemu yo kubika batiri.Mubikorwa byayo harimo guhinduranya urumuri rwa LED yumucyo no kuzimya ukurikije ibimenyetso byerekana urumuri, guhindura urumuri rwumucyo wa LED, kugenzura no kugenzura uburyo bwo kwishyuza no gusohora sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za batiri, nibindi.
3.3 Ingaruka ya Photovoltaque yizuba
Imirasire y'izuba ikoresha ingufu za Photovoltaque kugirango ihindure ingufu z'izuba amashanyarazi.Ingaruka ya Photovoltaque yerekana ko mubikoresho bya semiconductor, iyo urumuri rukubise hejuru yibikoresho, fotone izashimisha electron mubikoresho, ikora amashanyarazi.
3.4 Amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba
Iyo urumuri rw'izuba rwibasiye izuba, ingufu za fotone zishimisha electron muburyo bwa p-silicon hierarchy kugirango ibe electroni yubuntu, kandi ikanakuraho electron muburyo bwa n-silicon.Uyu muyoboro urashobora gusohoka nkamashanyarazi yumuriro wizuba nyuma yo guhuza umurongo.
Ibyavuzwe haruguru nihame ryakazi ryaurumuri rw'izuba.
Ibikoresho |Mugaragaza Byihuse Itara ryizuba ryumuhanda Ukeneye
IV.Kubungabunga no gucunga urumuri rwumuhanda
5.1 Kugenzura no kubungabunga buri gihe
5.1.1 Imirasire y'izuba isukura no kuyitaho
Buri gihe ugenzure hejuru yizuba kugirango urebe niba hari kwirundanya umukungugu, umwanda nibindi.Koresha umwenda woroshye cyangwa sponge winjijwe mumazi cyangwa umuti muke wohanagura kugirango uhanagure buhoro buhoro hejuru yizuba.Witondere kudakoresha ibikoresho bikarishye bikabije cyangwa guswera bishobora kwangiza ikibaho.
5.1.2 Gucunga ubuzima bwose LED itanga isoko
Buri gihe ugenzure niba isoko yumucyo LED ifite amakosa cyangwa yangiritse, niba ubona ko umucyo ucuramye, uhindagurika cyangwa amwe mumasaro yamatara azimye, nibindi, bigomba gusanwa cyangwa gusimburwa mugihe.Witondere gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe bwumucyo wa LED, kugirango umenye neza ko ubushyuhe bwumuriro cyangwa ubushyuhe bikikije isoko yumucyo bikora neza, kugirango wirinde ubushyuhe bukabije bigatuma ubuzima bwisoko ryumucyo bugabanuka.
5.2 Gukemura ibibazo no Kubungabunga
5.2.1 Amakosa asanzwe hamwe nigisubizo
Kunanirwa 1: Imirasire y'izuba yangiritse cyangwa guturika.
Igisubizo: Niba gusa ubuso bwangiritse, urashobora kugerageza kubisana, niba guturika ari bikomeye, ugomba gusimbuza izuba.
Kunanirwa 2: LED itanga isoko yumucyo ugabanuka cyangwa uhindagurika.
Igisubizo: Banza urebe niba amashanyarazi ari ibisanzwe, niba amashanyarazi ari ibisanzwe, ugomba gusuzuma niba urumuri rwa LED rwangiritse, niba ukeneye gusimbuza.
Kunanirwa 3: Sisitemu yo kugenzura byikora birananirana, urumuri rwizuba rwumuhanda ntirushobora gukora mubisanzwe.
Igisubizo: Reba niba sensor, abagenzuzi nibindi bikoresho muri sisitemu yo kugenzura byangiritse, niba byangiritse, bigomba gusanwa cyangwa gusimburwa.
5.2.2
Kubisanzwe bambara ibice, nkumucyo wa LED, urumuri rwizuba, nibindi, birasabwa kubika ibice byabigenewe mugihe.Iyo itara ryizuba ryumuhanda ryananiwe kandi ibice bigomba gusimburwa, ibice byabigenewe birashobora gukoreshwa mugusimbuza kugabanya igihe cyo gufata neza umuhanda.Nyuma yo gusimbuza ibice byabigenewe, ibice byasimbuwe bigomba kugenzurwa no kugeragezwa kugirango bikore neza.
V. Incamake
Nkigikoresho cyangiza ibidukikije kandi gishobora kuvugururwa,amatara yo kumuhandamugire ibyiringiro byiterambere.Hamwe n’isi igenda yiyongera ku iterambere rirambye, amatara yo ku mirasire y'izuba azahinduka amahitamo akomeye yo kumurika imijyi.Hamwe no kwiyongera kw'isoko rikenewe,amatara yizuba yihariyezirimo kuba ikindi kintu gikomeye gisabwa amatara yizuba yubucuruzi.
Ni ngombwa cyane guhitamo ubuziranengeimitako yizuba ryumuhanda ukora n'amatara yihariye yo kumuhanda.Muri icyo gihe, igenamigambi rishyize mu gaciro, ibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge no kubungabunga buri gihe birashobora gutuma imikorere ihamye n’imikorere myiza y’amatara yo ku mirasire y’izuba kandi igatanga ibisubizo by’icyatsi n’ingufu bizigama imijyi.
Gusoma bijyanye
Kumurika umwanya wawe mwiza wo hanze hamwe n'amatara meza yubusitani bwiza!
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-14-2023